Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture
PO Box 8781
Williamsburg, VA 23187
(757) 221-1133
EDUCATION:
PhD in History, Johns Hopkins University, 1993.
Dissertation: “A Marginal Independence: Unmarried Women in Colonial Philadelphia.”
MA in History, Johns Hopkins University, 1990.
BA with honors in history, American University, 1985.
ACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT:
Director
Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, 2013-
Professor of History
College of William & Mary, 2013-
Associate Professor of History and American Studies
College of William & Mary, 2005-13.
Book Review Editor
The William and Mary Quarterly, 2004-13.
Visiting Associate Professor of History and American Studies
College of William & Mary, 2004-05
Visiting Book Review Editor
The William and Mary Quarterly, 2002-04.
Associate Professor of History
American University, 2000-05.
Assistant Professor of History
American University, 1995-2000.
Assistant Professor of History
Old Dominion University, 1993-95.
SELECTED HONORS & FELLOWSHIPS:
Elected Fellow, Massachusetts Historical Society, 2013.
Elected Member, American Antiquarian Society, 2004.
College of Arts and Sciences nominee for University Teacher of the Year, American University, 2000 Teaching Award, Gay, Lesbian, Transgender and Ally Resource Center, American University, 2000. American Antiquarian Society-American Society of Eighteenth Century Studies Fellowship, 2000. Mellon Faculty Research Grants, American University, Spring 1996, 1999.
University Research Support Award, American University, Summer 1996.
National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Stipend, 1995.
Andrew W . Mellon Fellowship, The Library Company of Philadelphia, 1995.
Faculty Research Grants/ Fellowship, Old Dominion University, 1993, 1994.
Michael Kraus Research Grant, American Historical Association, 1993.
Gest Fellowship, The Quaker Collection at Haverford College, 1993.
Hamer Dissertation Fellowship, Philadelphia (McNeil) Center for Early American Studies, 1991-92. Research and Teaching Assistantships, Johns Hopkins University, 1989-93.
BOOK / ESSAY PUBLICATIONS:
“Situating Self, Seeking Lineage: Family Histories in 17th and 18th Century British North America,” in Francois-Joseph Ruggiu, ed. The Uses of First Person Writings: Les Usages des ecrits du for prive. New York: Peter Lang (Comparatism and Society), 2013.
“Introduction: Centering Families in Atlantic Histories,” Special issue of the William and Mary Quarterly April 2013, with Julie Hardwick and Sarah M. S. Pearsall.
“Bible, King, and Common Law: Genealogical Literacies and Family History Practices in Colonial British America,” Early American Studies (Fall, 2012)
“Early American Family Histories,” for American Ancestors, summer 2012 (magazine of the New England Historic and Genealogical Society, print circulation 22,000
Consulting Editor, OAH Magazine of History, issue on Colonial America(s), January 2011; author, “What’s Colonial, and Which America?” (Introduction) and “No Boundaries? New Terrain in Colonial American History” (historiographical essay).
Sense and Sensibility in the Age of the American Revolution: The Diary of Hannah Callender, 1758-1788 (with Susan E. Klepp, Cornell University Press, 2010)
Not All Wives: Women of Colonial Philadelphia (Cornell University Press cloth, 2000; University of Pennsylvania Press paperback, 2005)
Recipient of the 2000 Book Award from the Society for the Study of Early Modern Women
Chapter excerpted as “Women’s Work in Colonial Philadelphia,” in Mary Beth Norton, ed. Major Problems in American Women’s History, 3rd and 4th eds. (Houghton Mifflin, 2003, 2007); 5th ed. Sharon Block, ed. (Cengage, 2013).
Milcah Martha Moore’s Book: A Commonplace Book from Revolutionary America (with Catherine Blecki, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997).
“Women and Families in Early (North) America and the Wider (Atlantic) World,” History Compass, 2009. (As part of a cluster of three essays—the other two by Julie Hardwick and Bianca Premo—on Gender, Family, and Sexuality in the Atlantic World.)
“Nothing Says Democracy Like a Visit from the Queen: Reflections on Nation and Empire in Early American Histories,” (with Christopher Grasso) Journal of American History (December, 2008).
“Specifying the Self in a World of Goods: British America in the Eighteenth Century,” A Companion to American Cultural History Karen Halttunen, ed. (Blackwell, 2008).
“‘Of the Old Stock’: Quakerism and Transatlantic Genealogies in British America,” in Carole Shammas and Elizabeth Manke, eds. Society and Cultures in Colonial British America (JHU Press, 2005; paper 2015).
“Gender and the Political Economy of Poor Relief in Colonial Philadelphia,” in Billy G. Smith, ed. Down and Out in Early America (Penn State University Press, 2004).
“Assessing Gender: Taxation and the Evaluation of Economic Viability in Late Colonial Philadelphia,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (121, 3) July 1997: 201-235.
“‘My Dear Liberty’”: Quaker Spinsterhood and Female Autonomy in Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania,” in Larry D. Eldredge, ed., Women and Freedom in Early America (New York, NYU Press, 1996): 83-108.
In Progress/ forthcoming
“Ancestry as Social Practice in Eighteenth-Century New England: The Origins of Early Republic Genealogical Vogue” article mss.
“Lineage: Genealogy, Family History, and the Politics of Connection in British America, 1680-1820,” book mss.
“Esther Forbes, Johnny Tremain, and the Victorian Origins of Colonial America,” book project.
Online Writing
Regular blogger, The Scholarly Kitchen, the blog of the Society for Scholarly Publishing, 2015-
On historical scholarship and open access, the meaning of citation indices, e-pub “versioning” and other topics in scholarly publishing.
Book Reviews/Review Essays
Review of François Weil, Family Trees: A History of Genealogy in America (Harvard University Press, 2013), Historical New Hampshire (69: 2, 2016)
Review of Michelle Marchetti Coughlin, One Colonial Woman’s World: The Life and Writings of Mehetabel Chandler Coit (University of Massachusetts Press, 2012), Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers (32:2, 2015)
“Everywoman her own Historian,” Review of Gerda Lerner, Living with History/ Making Social Change (UNC, 2009), Reviews in American History (December, 2009)
Review of Catherine Allgor, A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation, Chicago Tribune August, 2006.
Review of Gary Nash, First City: Philadelphia and the Forging of Historical Memory (UPenn Press, 2001), Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34.4 (2004): 652-653.
“Not Your Grandmother’s Genealogy,” Review of Brenton Simons and Peter Benes, eds., The Art of Family: Genealogical Artifacts in New England (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2002), and Peter Haring Judd, The Hatch and Brood of Time: Five Phelps Families in the Atlantic World, 1720–1880. (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1999) The William and Mary Quarterly 59:4 (October 2002): 1000-1003.
Review of Christopher Tomlins and Bruce Mann,eds., The Many Legalities of Early America (UNC Press, 2002), Journal of American History 89:2 (September 2002): 616-617.
Review of Patricia Cleary, Elizabeth Murray: A Woman’s Pursuit of Independence in Eighteenth- Century America (2001), Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 126 (1): 134-135.
Review of Paula Hyman and Deborah Dash Moore, eds., Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, American Jewish History 2001 89 (1): 154-155.
Review of Lisa Wilson, Ye Heart of a Man: The Domestic Life of Men in Colonial New England (Yale University Press, 1999), Journal of American History 2001 88:1(March 2001): 183-184.
Review of Christine Daniels and Michael Kennedy, Over the Threshold: Intimate Violence in Early America (New York University Press, 1999), Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2001 32:1: 138-139.
Review of Anya Jabour, Marriage in the Early Republic: Elizabeth and William Wirt and the Companionate Ideal (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 2000 124 (4): 564-565.
“Redressing Lord Cornbury: Gender, Transatlantic Gossip, and Political Culture in Colonial British America,” Review essay of The Lord Cornbury Scandal: The Politics of Reputation in British America (University of North Carolina Press, 1998), Reviews in American History 27 (March 1999), 33-40.
Review of Mary Beth Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and The Forming of American Society (Knopf, 1996), Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 1997 121(4): 377-379.
Entries for Milcah Martha Moore and Betsy Ross, American National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2000).
“Despise the Mean Distinctions [these] Times Have Made’: The Complexity of Patriotism and Quaker Loyalism in One Pennsylvania Family,” essay for the NEH/PBS Liberty website, Fall 1997. Quoted in Washington Post lead editorial July 4, 2000.
Review of Nancy Craig Simmons, ed. The Selected Letters of Mary Moody Emerson, Journal of the Early Republic 1995 15 (2): 329-330.
Review of Lisa Wilson, Life after Death: Widows in Pennsylvania, 1750-1850, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 1994 25(1): 149-151.
CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS / PARTICIPATION:
Chair, “The American Founding in the Twenty-First Century,” British Group of Early American Historians, Cambridge University, September 1-4, 2016.
Commenter, “Defining the Family in the Early American Republic,” Society for Historians of the Early American Republic, New Haven, Connecticut, July 21-24, 2016
Chair, “Gender and Illicit Sex in Pre-Modern European Law and Practice,” American Society for Legal History, Washington, DC, October 30, 2015.
Chair, “John Adams and the Nation,” British Group of Early American Historians,” University of Sheffield, Sept. 4, 2015.
Workshop in Editing, with Sandra Gustafson, Omohundro Institute/ Society of Early Americanists Joint Meeting, Chicago, June, 2015.
“Women and the Genealogical Craft in Eighteenth-Century British America,” for the British Group of Early American Historians, University of Edinburgh, Sept. 2014.
Chair, “The Book Trades, Gentility, and the New England Family,” Society for Historians of the Early American Republic,” Philadelphia, July 17-20, 2014.
Chair, “Slavery, Intimacy, and Power in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World,” American Historical Association, Washington, DC, Jan. 3, 2014.
“From Mary to Mary: Female Lineages and Genealogical Reflections in Eighteenth-Century Women’s Diaries,” Society of Early Americanists, Savannah, Ga., March 1, 2013.
“Theodore Foster and Deborah Norris Logan: Antiquarians, Collectors, Makers of American Pasts,” for “Ruins and Antiquities in 19th century America,” USC-Huntington Early Modern Studies Institute, March 12, 2010.
Chair, “An Archaeology of Agency in the Civil Law Tradition: Early Modern Spain, France, and Colonial Spanish America,” American Historical Association, San Diego, January 2010.
“Laurel Ulrich, Feminist Historian,” plenary session, Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture annual conference, Salt Lake City, June, 2009.
Chair, “What about Women in Early America?” roundtable, Omohundro Institute Conference, June 2009.
Chair, “Gender, Race and Power in the Post-Revolutionary South,” Southern Association for Women Historians, Columbia, SC, June 2009.
Comment, “The Political Revealed, The Quaker Concealed,” for session on Quakers, Anti-Slavery and Print Culture, SHEAR conference, Philadelphia, July 2008.
“Sex, Blood, and Lineage in the Early Modern Americas,” presentation for a roundtable on “Rethinking Gender, Family and Sexuality in the Early Modern Atlantic,” Berkshire Conference of Women’s Historians, Minneapolis, MS, June 2008.
“Bible, King, and Common Law: Lineage Literacies in British America,” paper presented to the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture annual conference, Boston, June 2008.
“A Nation of Descendants: The (Genealogical) Making of America,” paper presented to the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic (SHEAR), Worcester, MA, July 2007.
“Bible, King, and Common Law: Genealogical Literacies in British America,” invited paper presented to the Family History Group, Brigham Young University, April, 2007.
“Representing the Family to the State; Or, Lineage in a New Nation,” paper presented to the British Early American Group, Cambridge, England, September 12, 2005; Organization of American Historians, Washington, DC, March 2006.
“Women in Franklin’s Philadelphia; Franklin in Women’s Philadelphia,” presentation to the Drexel Great Works Symposium, March 7, 2006, Drexel University.
“Genealogy and Genealogical Representation in Early America,” Paper presented at the USC-Huntington Early Modern Studies Institute “Family Matters” conference, May 28, 2005.
“Death and the Ancestral Connection: Genealogies of the Grave in British America,” paper presented to the American Society of Eighteenth Century Studies, Boston, March 2004.
“Generation, Genealogical Representation, and the Histories of Colonial New England; Or, A Tale of Many Mathers,” paper presented to the McNeill Center for Early American Studies Seminar, February 20, 2004; Washington area Early American Seminar, April 2004.
“Genealogical Representation in British America, 1680-1820,” paper presented to the Organization of American Historians, Memphis, April 2003.
“Death and the Ancestral Connection: Genealogy, Grief, and Commemoration in Colonial British America,” paper presented to the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Colloquium, November 5, 2002; and the Workshop in History and Technology, University of Delaware, November 12, 2002.
“Matrilineality in a Patriarchal Culture: Genealogical Representations of Maternity in British America”, paper presented to the annual Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Conference, College Park, June 2002.
“Heraldry and the Contest of Arms in Revolutionary America,” paper presented to the Organization of American Historians, April 2002.
“Bachelors’ Wives: Teaching Men about Marriage in Colonial Popular Literature,” paper presented to the American Literature Association and the Society for Early Americanists, Baltimore, May 29, 1999.
“Pilgrims to Bethlehem: Homosocial and Heterosexual Encounters on the Road out of Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,” paper presented to the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Conference, Worcester, Massachusetts, June 1998.
“Copying Gender: The Commonplace Book and Colonial Educations” paper presented to the Society of Early Americanists, American Literature Association, Baltimore, May 23, 1997.
“Cultural Crosscurrents: Quaker Marriage and Constrained Sensibility in the Eighteenth-Century Delaware Valley,” paper co-authored with Susan Klepp presented to the Philadelphia Center for Early American Studies Seminar, Washington Crossing, May 16, 1997.
“Gender and the Political Economy of Poor Relief in Colonial Philadelphia,” paper presented to the Organization of American Historians, San Francisco, April 17, 1997.
“Martha Cooper”s Choice: Popular Literature and the Problem of Marriage in Colonial Philadelphia,” paper presented to the University of Maryland Early American Seminar, College Park, October 10, 1996.
“of the Old Stock”: Gender, Race, Genealogy and Myth in the Making of Eighteenth-Century Transatlantic Family,” paper presented to the Northeast American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies at Holy Cross College, Worcester, September 27, 1996.
“Gender, Property and the Formation of Urban Political Culture in Pre-Revolutionary Philadelphia,” paper presented to the Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, Chapel Hill, June 7-9, 1996.
“Rachel Draper”s Neighborhood: Gender, Marital Status and the Formation of Urban Culture in Late Colonial Philadelphia,” paper presented to the First Annual Institute of Early American History and Culture Conference, Ann Arbor, June 1995.
“Marriage, Spinsterhood, and a Female Self: Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia Quakers and a Theology of Social Resistance,” paper presented to the Organization of American Historians, Washington, DC, April 1, 1995.
“Marriage, Spinsterhood and the Quaker Ideal: Radical Interpretations of Gender and Theology Among Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania Quakers,” paper presented to the American Historical Association/ American Society for Church History, Chicago, January 1995.
“Women, Property and Political Culture in Colonial Philadelphia,” paper presented to the Pennsylvania Historical Association, October 15, 1994.
“Assessing Gender: Taxation and the Structure of Wealth in Late Colonial Philadelphia,” paper presented to the Institute for Early American History and Culture Colloquium, September 13, 1994.
“To Wear the Chains”: Conceptions of Marriage Among Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia Quakers,” paper presented to the Biennial Meeting of Quaker Historians and Archivists, Greensboro, North Carolina, June 24, 1994.
“Liveing To Gether in the Maner We Ded”: Three Generations of Eighteenth-Century Spinsters in the Norris Family of Philadelphia and Fairhill,” paper presented to the Social Science History Association, Baltimore, November 6, 1993.
“‘Proper Objects” and “Disorderly Strolers”: Gender, Poverty and Poor Relief in Pre-Revolutionary Philadelphia,” paper presented to the Duquesne History Forum, Pittsburgh, October 13, 1993.
“Women in a Colonial Urban Society: Households, Neighbors, and Political Culture in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,” paper presented at Old Dominion University Works in Progress IV, Norfolk, May, 1993.
“‘As we are all single:” Women of Property in Philadelphia County, 1693-1774,” paper presented to the Philadelphia Center for Early American Studies, Philadelphia, March 20, 1992.
Invited Lectures/ Presentations
“Founders on Founding: Genealogy and the Making of America,” for the Columbia University Seminar in Early American History, April 13, 2016.
“Esther Forbes, Johnny Tremain, and the Victorian Origins of Colonial America,” American Discoveries visiting scholar, High Point University, April 21-22, 2015.
“Gender, Genealogy, and Women’s Lineage Practices in Colonial British America,” University of Connecticut, April 7, 2013.
“Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary: Gender and Dissenting Expression in the early Modern Atlantic World,” keynote for “Domestic Dissidents: A Re-Examination of the Lives, Exchanges and Everyday Experiences of Radical Religious Women, 1500-1800,” University of Warwick, June 10, 2013.
“Gender and Genealogy,” Keynote for Phi Alpha Theta History Honor Society, Christopher Newport University, March 23, 2013.
“Ancestry as Social Practice in Eighteenth-Century New England: The Origins of Early Republic Genealogical Vogue” Boston Early American Seminar, March 6, 2012; Early Modern Global History Seminar, Georgetown University, April 27, 2012; Society for Mayflower Descendants in the District of Columbia, February 12, 2012.
“Situating Self, Seeking Lineage: Family Histories in 17th and 18th Century British North America,” Les Usages de l’ecrit du for prive (Afrique, Asies, Occidents, Orients), a conference at the Universite de Paris- Sorbonne, June 30-July 2, 2011
“Bible, King, and Common Law: Genealogical Literacies and Family History Practices in Colonial British America,” Johns Hopkins University Department of History Seminar, February 1, 2010.
“Courtship, Marriage, Murder, Mayhem: Eighteenth-Century Love in the Time of Novels,” Mount Vernon George Washington Symposium on “Love and Marriage in the Age of Washington,” November 6, 2009.
“Gender, Genealogy, and the Colonial Americas,” Talk for Women’s History Month, Mary Washington University, March 16, 2009.
“Bible, King, and Common Law: Genealogy in Early America,” invited lecture, Old Dominion University, February 10, 2009.
“Writing Milcah’s Book,” invited lecture at Haverford College, April 1998, April 2000.
“Susanna Wright: the Benjamin Franklin of Franklin”s Time,” invited lecture for a Tribute to Susanna Wright on Her 300th Birthday, August 3, 1997, Lancaster County Historical Society, Lancaster.
“Documenting the Complexity of Quaker Loyalism: Milcah Martha Moore”s Commonplace Book and the American Revolution,” invited lecture Friends Historical Association, Arch Street Meeting House, Philadelphia, November 13, 1995.
“Comparing the Lives of Rural and Urban Women in Colonial America,” public lecture, the Adam Thoroughgood House, Virginia Beach, March 10, 1994.
“Marriage, Spinsterhood, and a Female Self: Quaker “Maidens” in 18th Century Philadelphia” Gest Fellow lecture delivered at Haverford College, October 14, 1993.
PROFESSIONAL SERVICE / OTHER:
“Calling All Content Providers: Authors in the Brave New Worlds of Scholarly Publishing,” convener, Columbia University, April 14, 2016.
SAT History Subject Test Committee, Educational Testing Service, 2013-; Chair, 2015-
“On Book Reviewing,” presentation at the Harvard (Graduate Student) Early Americanist seminar, March 2006; University of Southern California, January 2008; Bowling Green State University, April 2008; University of Florida, April, 2010; Harvard University, March, 2012.
Review Panel, NEH Division of Public Programs, 2011.
Conference co-chair, Centering Family in Early Modern Atlantic Worlds, Feb 28-March 1, University of Texas, Austin. Co-sponsored by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the Center for Historical Studies, University of Texas, Austin.
Fellowship Committee, NEH postdoctoral fellowship, Library Company of Philadelphia, 2008, 2009.
Program Committee, Joint Conference of the Omohundro Institute and the Society of Early Americanists, Williamsburg, Virginia, June 2007.
Fellowship committees, National Endowment for the Humanities, July 2005; November 2006. Long-term Fellowship Committee, American Antiquarian Society, Spring 2006.
Consultant, National Geographic series on the American colonies: Pennsylvania (NGS, 2005) and Delaware (2006).
Co-chair, William and Mary Quarterly-USC Huntington Early Modern Studies Institute Workshops, 2005- 13.
Faculty, Strengthening the Teaching of American History, AU/ Department of Education grant for DC primary school teachers, Summer 2003-2005.
Co-chair, “Object Relations in Early North America,” A workshop held May, 2004 at the Huntington Library. Co-sponsored by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture.
Program Committee, Annual Conference of the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, University of Maryland, June 2002.
McNeil Center for Early American Studies dissertation fellowship committee, 2001.
Klein prize Committee for best book/ article in Pennsylvania History, Pennsylvania History Association, 1998; 1999 (chair); 2001 (chair), 2003 (chair), 2005 (chair).
Program Committee, Annual Conference of the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Austin, Texas, June 1999.
Faculty, NEH Summer Seminar for College Teachers on Religion and Diversity in American Society, Haverford College, July 1996.
Manuscript reviews for, among others, University of Chicago Press, University of Massachusetts Press, University of Pennsylvania Press, Pennsylvania State University Press, Houghton Mifflin, Oxford University Press, Random House, Yale University Press, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Early American Literature, Gender and History, The Historian, Journal of American History, Journal of Family History, Journal of the Early Republic, Journal of the Historical Society, The Public Historian, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, William and Mary Quarterly.
NEURODIVERSITY WORK:
College of William & Mary Neurodiversity Working Group Co-chair, 2011-
(managing the Initiative on campus and around the country; development; primary liaison with Scholar in Residence John Elder Robison; calendar; media)
College of William & Mary University Teaching Project, 2012-14 Teaching
Annually, co-teaching “Neurodiversity,” a one credit class with John Elder Robison, Josh Burk, Cheryl Dickter and Janice Zeman. Spring 2013- current on campus; Summer 2013- current W&M DC campus.
GRANT:
W&M Creative Adaptation Grant (July 2014-June 2015). Enhancing awareness of neurodiversity on campus and in the community ($40,000). Co-PIs with Josh Burk, Cheryl Dickter, Janice Zeman, John Elder Robison, Joel Schwartz.
Peer-reviewed Publications
Burk, J., Robison, J.E., Wulf, K., Dickter, C., & Zeman, J. (under review). Creating inclusive college campuses for neurodiverse students: An initiative at the College of William & Mary. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education.
PEER-REVIEWED CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS:
Burk, J. A., Zeman, J. L., Wulf, K. A., Robison, J. E., & Dickter, C. L., (May 2015) “Embracing Neurodiversity in Higher Education: Creating an Inclusive College Campus for Neurodiverse Students,” International Meeting for Autism Reearch (IMFAR), Salt Lake City, UT.
Burk, J. A., Zeman, J. L., Wulf, K. A., Robison, J. E., & Dickter, C. L. (Nov., 2014) Embracing autism and neurological difference at the College of William & Mary: A novel neurodiversity initiative.
Zeman, J., Dickter, C., Burk, J., Wulf, K., & Robison, J.E. (2014, November). Neurodiversity in higher education: Psychological correlates and peer perceptions.
PRESENTATIONS:
W&M (annually approximately 5-8 presentations on campus for faculty and staff groups)
Off campus (annually approximately 3-5 presentations for conferences, other universities and k-12 groups)
